Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped positive-sense RNA virus that typically affects the respiratory system, whereby the main known route of transmission occurs due to the spread of droplets generated when an infected person sneezes or coughs or through other mucus environments, including saliva or discharge from the nose . SARS-CoV-2 gains entry to the cell via the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor , whereby it predominantly infects the lower respiratory tract, binding to ACE2 on alveolar epithelial cells . Upon binding, there is a subsequent response of the immune system via inflammation-related manifestations and recruitment of antigen-presenting cells . COVID-19 infection can manifest as an asymptomatic infection, or patients can present with a mild upper respiratory tract illness that may include a cough, chills, fever, fatigue, and shortness of breath . In severe cases, the most common complications are sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), heart failure, and septic shock. However, severe viral pneumonia with respiratory failure can potentially lead to death . Multiple organ dysfunction is likely attributable to uncontrolled acute inflammation and cytokine storm release . As our knowledge of the disease is evolving, it is clear that other symptoms are being identified, including chilblains , sudden anosmia or ageusia , and even stroke .